Periodontal ("around the tooth") disease begins when bacteria that is present in the plaque buildup on the teeth starts to infect the underlying structures. The affected tooth, adjacent teeth, gums, bones and ligaments can all be affected by periodontal disease.
The good news is, periodontal disease is reversible - in the early stages. The bad news is, periodontal disease has a progressive nature, which can lead to the irreversible advanced stages causing swollen and ulcerated gums, cavities, and even tooth loss.
There are four stages of periodontal disease:
Stage 1
In this first stage, signs may include gingivitis (reddened, swollen, tender gums). Plaque may or may not be visible, but is probably already present. Mouth odor may not be noticeable. At this stage, with proper care, periodontal disease is reversible. If the gingivitis goes untreated, the disease will eventually advance to stage two.
Stage 2
In stage two, the gums become more inflamed and sore. Plaque buildup is extensive and leads to some tarter (yellow, brown hard material) formation. Mouth odor is apparent and the animal may experience some drooling (due to oral pain). If caught early and treated properly, this stage is also usually reversible, if not it can lead to stage three.
Stage 3
This is the stage in which periodontal disease becomes irreversible and can lead to permanent tooth/gum damage. Thick tartar formation is obvious, gums are very inflamed and may be starting to recede. These are just the signs we can actually see.
Stage 4
This is the advanced stage of periodontal disease. Heavy tartar formation is seen, gums will be receded and sensitive. Underlying bones and ligaments are affected leading to infection, bleeding, loss of gum attachment and tooth/bone loss.
Due to the bleeding of the gum tissue, this is the stage where bacteria could enter the bloodstream, possibly affecting the heart, liver, and/or kidneys. Mouth odor may be nearly unbearable and the animal's mouth is quite painful. At this stage, the treatment would very likely include the extraction of one or more teeth to help the animal's mouth become less painful.
Whether reversible or not, the treatment of choice for all stages of periodontal disease is a professional teeth cleaning and polishing (dental prophylaxis) by a veterinarian.
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e-mail: clinic@westarbor.com